Waratah: more theories

12 March 1910   

LOSS OF THE S.S. WARATAH.

To the Editor of The Mercury

Many theories have been given expression to as to the cause of her loss. Here is one which I have not seen mentioned in the press. It was written from England on 5-10-09. His impression is that the Waratah struck either the Grosvenor shoal or else more likely an uncharted shoal some 12 miles or so off the Grosvenor. This shoal was referred to by a writer in the Daily Mail (an English paper). He (the writer) was wrecked on that uncharted shoal about 20 years ago, but evidently from what he said nothing has been done to verify its position since; but one or two other writers testified to a considerable break of water some 12 miles or so off the Grosvenor, and my impression is that she, giving the Grosvenor a wide berth, came over this reef in the hollow of a wave, and as she would draw 28 to 30 feet of water, she would break her back and be holed badly, that as the following wave would lift her clear of the reef she would then go down in deep water on the other side. As to the fact that no bodies have been seen, the disaster might have happened during the night, when only the few men of the watch were on deck. Then, no wreckage has been seen (which has been looked upon as a good omen that she is afloat), but that could easily be explained by the fact that the hurricane she went through, everything movable on deck had been previously securely lashed down.

There may be some probability in the above surmise as to the fate of the ill-starred Waratah, and if that reef could be located, and the seabed searched, doubtless the hull might be found.

Yours, etc.,

Overlander 

http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10055817

However, during the past century no remains of the Waratah have been located despite numerous searches. 

THE GREAT STORM. CYCLONIC IN CHARACTER. It was on the following day (after her disappearance), July 28,  that the great cyclonic tempest, which will probably be known in history as the Waratah storm, swept the coast of South Africa. During the whole day the wind blew from W.S.W. to W. with squalls of hurricane force. A tremendous sea was running, rising in a wall-like formation, owing to the current being against the wind. Mariners who experienced the storm unite in describing it as one of exceptional violence. It was not perhaps spoken of as the most severe on record, but it was regarded as the most violent tempest for some years.  The hurricane raged with unabated fury for about 15 hours, and right along the coast of South Africa the conditions were dangerous. Of course, the wind was behind the Waratah, but, nevertheless, she must have had a very rough time. The gale, which was evidently of a cyclonic character, moderated on the following day, and was succeeded by a fresh south-westerly gale, with a high cross sea.

New Zealand Herald, Volume XLVI, Issue 14244, 15 December 1909, Page 9

If, however, as some people believe, the Waratah had turned to head back to Durban, the wind would not have been behind her. 

A blog reader writes: The vessel Harlow apparently encountered no difficulties and went on her way unscathed. The crew of the Harlow reported seeing two flashes of light, but equated this phenomenon with possible veld fires on shore. This immediately excludes dramatic forms of flashes, like explosions, either due to coal or the steam engines.  Also sound travels very well over the sea, and should there have been a dramatic demise to Waratah in the form of catastrophic explosions, surely this would have been heard 10 miles distant?  No, the flashes of light were of a more subtle nature, hence not raising alarm on the Harlow. The Waratah was actually gaining on the Harlow (probably full steam); she was running against the forces of diminishing buoyancy.  The Harlow crew did not report freak waves or swell that could tear the bow off a tanker. It is possible that Waratah had latent problems with rivets and leakage into water tight compartments, eventually overwhelming her ability to stay afloat. 

What happened to the Waratah?

Everyone has their pet theory as to the disappearance of the Waratah. While we will probably never know exactly what happened on that fateful voyage after the ship left Durban, theories continue to be offered, adding to the aura of Waratah’s mystery. 

1909:  S.S.Waratah, flagship of the Blue Anchor Line, leaves Durban harbour on 26 July for Cape Town, where she is expected to arrive on 29 July. On the next day she signals the ship Clan Macintyre in passing but then, in what becomes one of the enduring mysteries of the sea, she vanishes together with 92 passengers, 119 crew and 6500 tons of cargo. Among the passengers are prominent Durban businessman David Turner, his wife and their five children. (The whole Turner family was lost which led to Turner's partner John Cochrane-Murray taking over Turners Shipping which is still owned today as part of the Turner Group by his grandson. My grandmother Florence went to school with a girl who was lost with her mother on the Waratah while her father and sister were motoring to Cape Town to meet them.)

   

[Jackson Allan Facts about Durban (2nd ed. 2004) pg 26 ]

Following the disappearance of a 10 000- ton passenger liner the Waratah, off the South African coast in 1909, an earlier incident involving the Norham Castle was related in a letter to the press by a Mr. Hermann Flugge :

In January 1888, we left Cape Town [on board the Norham Castle] with only 12 Passengers, and, after being a sea for a day and a half, we had the misfortune to break our propeller, and the worst was that the screw smashed our rudder, so that we were helpless.

Our gallant Captain rigged up a yard and sails, and we were drifting for weeks, and the Norham Castle was given up for lost here and at Home [Britain]. 

Not one but half a dozen ships came in sight, but as soon as we signalled our distress, the vessels turned out of our course .... I remember when our Captain assembled every soul on board in the saloon. 'Our vessel is safe from sinking,' he said. 'With the rigged-up sails I hope to reach St. Helena. Should this fail, we are drifting into a current which, after three or four months, will bring us to the coast of Brazil. From the day that we miss St Helena, only half rations will be served.' 

Fortunately, one of the sailing vessels we sighted, which passed St. Helena, and was questioned there as to the lost Norham Castle, reported having sighted a steamer in distress, and gave as far as possible our whereabouts. A whaler, lying at that time in Jamestown, was despatched to our rescue. 

Three weeks we had drifted, and if not rescued, would perhaps have drifted as many months without our fate becoming known to any living being.

Could not a similar mishap have happened to the Waratah? No wreckage has been found up to date, and I advise all those who have friends on the vessel not to give up hope till it is definitely proved that the Waratah has gone to the bottom.  

[Harris C J & Ingpen Brian D Mailships of the Union-Castle Line (1994) pg 53]

Thanks to Terence Hugh Paterson for the above references.

Rogue wave

Freak Waves that swallow ships whole

From the early days of navigation, the sea off the Wild Coast of South Africa earned a fearsome reputation for its merciless storms and monstrous waves. In one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the sea, the luxury liner Waratah, with ships both ahead and behind it, vanished in broad daylight off the Wild Coast in 1909.

The explanation generally accepted for the ship's disappearance is that it fell victim to one of the unpredictable freak waves that are the scourge of this stretch of ocean. This belief is supported by the fact that between 1964 and 1973 six ships suffered encounters with these abnormal waves. In addition, in 1968 the tanker World Glory broke its back and sank after ploughing headlong into a freak wave off the Natal Coast.

Freak waves vary from about 5 to 20m in height, an awesome force, but are exacerbated by being preceded by a deep trough. If a ship encounters such a wave head-on, it will first dip into the trough, and before it has time to raise its bow, a 20m wall of water comes crashing down on its deck - enough to smash the sturdiest vessel afloat. With large ships such as tankers, the superstructure may be buckled as the vessel bucks through the steep trough and wave; smaller ships may simply disappear.

Although impossible to predict the exact occurrence of these waves, there are some warning signs. Immediately off the 10 km-wide Transkei continental shelf the Agulhas Current flows strongly south-westwards, creating a 100 km-wide belt up to 2 000m-deep. When a cold front (low-pressure system) moves across Southern Africa, the associated galeforce south-westerly winds generate waves that, on encountering the current flowing in the opposite direction, becomes higher and steeper. If any of these steep waves become superimposed on the long wavelength swells that reach our shores from the Southern Ocean, then a massive abnormal wave can develop.

[Reynierse Cecile (ed) Illustrated Guide to the Southern African Coast (1988) pg 204]

David Willers’ book In Search of the Waratah, published in 2005, reminds us that after the disappearance several ships spent months searching for her in the southern Atlantic and southern Indian oceans, and suggests that Waratah broke down and drifted south – an option that was underplayed at the Inquiry. Willers explores what might have happened if Waratah had not foundered on the eastern seaboard but had drifted into the wastes of the southern oceans. The second half of the book resorts to fiction.

A volume by P J Smith has since appeared, The Lost Ship Waratah. Both this and Willers’ book refer to the Waratah as The Titanic of the South, a term which in my opinion is inaccurate: we know precisely what happened to the Titanic. Smith’s book is based on the diaries and other documents of Walter Smith (P J Smith’s great-uncle), who was on board during both search attempts for the Waratah. No conclusions are drawn. Author Clive Cussler instigated a million-dollar search mission which seems to have faded from view.

The deep has yet to give up her secrets.