Caithness and Napoleon 2

James Caithness’s pension details show that there was no gap in his naval service, yet he drops out of sight for several years. This is because James was captured along with all those on board the Calcutta and for almost a decade was a prisoner-of-war in France.

He was in his twenties at the time of the battle in 1805 between the Magnanime and Calcutta. The prime of his life would be spent in exile behind bars: not until he was in his thirties would he be a free man again. His ‘crime’ was serving on a British warship which struck her colours and surrendered to the enemy. He was powerless to alter the course of these events. 

Their context takes us along a byway of history largely forgotten today, an era when Europe was held to ransom and tens of thousands of prisoners from various countries, including Britain, were marched from pillar to post, left languishing in fortress towns and dungeons or forced by deprivation and despair into renouncing their own nationalities and joining Napoleon’s army.

Most British subjects imprisoned, other than about 700 civilian detainees, were men of the Royal Navy and mercantile marine captured, like James, during action at sea, or when their ships were wrecked in French waters.

No evidence of precisely where James Caithness spent his years in captivity has come to light. In all likelihood he was taken initially to the distribution centre at Verdun, where Captain Woodriff and Lieut Tuckey were held for the duration of their captivity. James would later have been force-marched to one of the frontier depots such as Givet. We may never know the full details of his incarceration. However, a remarkable series of contemporary written accounts provide a vivid picture of the trials experienced by other prisoners and there is little doubt that James suffered similar hardships.

Bitche: The Citadel

Like many of them, he may have tried to escape only to be caught and sent to the penal depot at Bitche. Recapture after such attempts often meant death. The alternatives – being sentenced to the galleys of Toulon or confined for lengthy periods in subterranean cells – were perhaps worse. 

The experience of a British prisoner-of-war in France depended on his status. Officers – from colonels and naval post-captains down to midshipmen, warrant officers and merchant ship masters - were separated from their men and were allowed certain privileges, with some freedom of movement. Most of them remained at Verdun, which gradually became a British community. Gambling, racing, balls and the occasional duel enlivened the atmosphere. In time, these pursuits led to debt and general moral decline. Civilian detainees at Verdun were permitted to live in private homes and could avoid certain restrictions such as the daily appel or roll-call by payment of a fee. 

Verdun on the River Meuse

For the lower ranks in the depots on the north-east frontier it was a different story. They were subject to severe, overcrowded and insanitary conditions, often marched in all weathers, scantily clad and sometimes shoeless, for hundreds of miles between depots, and half-starved on a daily ration of a pound of bread and a meagre portion of vegetables. Numbers died en route. Men who were ill or unable to keep up with the line were left behind in rat-infested local gaols until, inexorably, they were pushed on to another grim destination.

Napoleon crossing the Alps, 1800:
The Glory Years

To be continued

Caithness and Napoleon 1

HMS Calcutta, with James Caithness on board, reached Spithead on 23 July 1804 after her round-the-world voyage. Before they left Australia Captain Woodriff had received news that the uneasy peace which had begun with the Treaty of Amiens in March 1801 was finally over and England was again at war with France. In September 1804 Calcutta was refitted by the Admiralty as a 56-gun fourth-rate and fully prepared to play her part in the struggle against Napoleon and his allies.

The British Fleet at Spithead  by John Ward

With Captain Woodriff in command, HMS Calcutta left St Helena on 3 August 1803, escorting a convoy of several assorted ships to England. There were three whalers, an East India Company ship from Madras, a Swedish ship and a British brig, Brothers, which had joined them after being separated from another convoy in a gale.

HMS Calcutta

South of the Scilly Isles, Calcutta’s mast-head lookouts observed unknown sail in the distance and Woodriff positioned the Calcutta between the convoy and the approaching ships. These turned out to be French and Calcutta went to intercept, having signalled to the convoy to make sail and get away. 

The first ship encountered was the 40-gun frigate Armide and after an engagement Calcutta successfully drew the enemy southwards, distracting them from the convoy, though the Brothers, an older and slower vessel, was captured.

Le Magnanime by Antoine Roux

The rest of the French squadron under Allemand was now in the area and Woodriff brought Calcutta alongside the 74-gun Magnanime. After nearly an hour of fierce battle, during which Calcutta was disabled by damage to her rigging, Woodriff surrendered rather than sacrifice the lives of his 350-man crew. His ploy had worked. The convoy had escaped but the price paid would be heavy: Calcutta was taken by the French as a prize, and Captain Woodriff and all his people were forthwith made prisoners-of-war.

Among them was James Caithness.

Embroidered bee:
Napoleon's Coronation Mantle*

* The Napoleonic icon contains bees, which appealed to Napoleon as symbols of industry and was an image apparently popular during the Merovingian dynasty of the sixth to eight centuries A.D.; Napoleon may have favored the resonance between 'bee' and 'Bonaparte' while also savoring the irony that the image of the insect seemed to some to be a Bourbon fleur-de-lys turned upside down.  


Acknowledgement:
Tom Sheldon